In this study, wood-water relationships of heat treated heartwood and sapwood of black pine is examined. For this aim oven dried density, tangential swelling, radial swelling, volumetric swelling, fiber saturation point, and moisture content have tested. Heat treatment is do at temperature of 150 and 190°C for 4 hour duration. The findings is that after heat treatment, oven dried density, tangential swelling, radial swelling, volumetric swelling, fiber saturation point of heartwood and sapwood. The decrease of properties of heartwood can higher than those of sapwood. Conversely, moisture content of heartwood increased, maximum moisture content of sapwood decreased. It is that this discrepancy originated from higher extractive content of heartwood. Especially at higher temperatures, extractive content migrated to wood surface.

Background\nOsteoporosis (OP) is a silent disease characterized by impaired bone microstructure and a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD). This study aimed to determine the status of bone quality as well as to investigate the relationship between the Glycaemic; Lipid; Bone profiles and the BMD.\nMethods\n A retrospective hospital-based analysis of patients who underwent BMD testing between the period of 2016 to 2018 at KFHU, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.\n Based on the T scores, patients were classified as follows: normal (>−1.0), osteopenic (−1.0 to −2.5), or osteoporotic (≤−2.5). Details about medical and demographic information as well as metabolic and bone profiles (fasting blood glucose [FBG], glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c], cholesterol [Chol], triglycerides [TG], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], calcium [Ca], phosphorus [Ph], vitamin D 25OHD [Vit D], alkaline phosphatase [ALP]) were extracted from the hospital records system.\nResults\n Out of 4838 extracted profiles, there were 4196 females (85.1%). The mean glycaemic variables of patients showed an abnormal profile (FBG 118 ± 49 and HbA1c 6.6±2). Based on the mean T score, the majority of patients had either osteopenic (40%) or osteoporotic (24%) changed. Significant increase in mean HbA1c (7.6 ± 1.7) was obvious among the osteopenic patients when judged against the normal (7.5 ± 1.6; p<0.033) and osteoporotic (7.4 ± 1.8; p<0.037). Meanwhile, the mean serum ALP was significantly lower (81 ± 26) in the normal group than in the osteopenic (86 ± 33; p<0.006) and osteoporotic groups (90 ± 40; p<0.001). When the T score was predicted, it was found that Ca and ALP levels were significant predictors.\nConclusion\nThis study finds that the main cause that affects bone quality in Saudi Arabia is Diabetes mellitus and/or its related metabolic alteration. These results suggest that bone health is clinically significant and should be carefully assessed in diabetes patients.

Background\nOsteoporosis (OP) is a silent disease characterized by impaired bone microstructure and a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD). This study aimed to determine the status of bone quality as well as to investigate the relationship between the Glycaemic; Lipid; Bone profiles and the BMD.\nMethods\n A retrospective hospital-based analysis of patients who underwent BMD testing between the period of 2016 to 2018 at KFHU, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.\n Based on the T scores, patients were classified as follows: normal (>−1.0), osteopenic (−1.0 to −2.5), or osteoporotic (≤−2.5). Details about medical and demographic information as well as metabolic and bone profiles (fasting blood glucose [FBG], glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c], cholesterol [Chol], triglycerides [TG], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], calcium [Ca], phosphorus [Ph], vitamin D 25OHD [Vit D], alkaline phosphatase [ALP]) were extracted from the hospital records system.\nResults\n Out of 4838 extracted profiles, there were 4196 females (85.1%). The mean glycaemic variables of patients showed an abnormal profile (FBG 118 ± 49 and HbA1c 6.6±2). Based on the mean T score, the majority of patients had either osteopenic (40%) or osteoporotic (24%) changed. Significant increase in mean HbA1c (7.6 ± 1.7) was obvious among the osteopenic patients when judged against the normal (7.5 ± 1.6; p<0.033) and osteoporotic (7.4 ± 1.8; p<0.037). Meanwhile, the mean serum ALP was significantly lower (81 ± 26) in the normal group than in the osteopenic (86 ± 33; p<0.006) and osteoporotic groups (90 ± 40; p<0.001). When the T score was predicted, it was found that Ca and ALP levels were significant predictors.\nConclusion\nThis study finds that the main cause that affects bone quality in Saudi Arabia is Diabetes mellitus and/or its related metabolic alteration. These results suggest that bone health is clinically significant and should be carefully assessed in diabetes patients.

Balanced scorecard and corporate social responsibility are two comprehensive business models that investigated in many fields and researches. In the present paper, three major dimensions of corporate social responsibility integrated to standard balance scorecard components. This research is based on the case of water and wastewater companies in Iran to assess both internal and external performance. In order to measure financial outcomes, ten indices were selected and for customers, internal processes and learning and growth perspectives, three types questionnaires were designed. After collecting all financial and non-financial data, grey relational analysis which is one the multiple attribute decision making techniques (MADM) used to process data and rank firms. Furthermore, Shannon entropy used to calculate the indices relative weights. Results show that Isfahan with 0.829 and Alborz with 0.463 have the highest and lowest ranks respectively. Finally, some recommendations are presented to enhance the performance of water and wastewater companies. In addition, the proposed approach is suggested to implement in other industries and fields in both public and private sectors in order to develop the comprehensive approach and empirical support in terms of sustainable performance.

Customer experience is one of the most fundamental concepts in marketing literature which results in hedonic & memorial experience for customers. In-store experience is an important phenomenon that increasingly attracts the professional marketing experts and academics around the world and can use them as a distinctive tool in the stores. The methodology of this study is based on descriptive and mixed method. The qualitative part of this study which was based on phenomenological method began with protocol design on the basis of systematic studies & then through eighteen individual deep interviews. With multiple purposive sampling professional shoppers were selected and then three types of coding include open coding, axial coding and selective coding in ATLAS.ti software are used to determine the themes and categories. In quantitative part of this study, 298 shoppers were selected randomly and standardized questionnaires were distributed among them. Lisrel software was used for data analysis. The results convey that antecedents of in-store experiences (perceived values, word of mouth, brand equity, layout and design, employee’s skills, facilities) have a positive and significant relationship with consequences (purchase satisfaction, repurchase intention and flaneur).

Sample Algorithms used for Processing of Images and Recognition of different Patterns have been presented in this paper. Generation of patterns and Procedures designed for certain traditional processes for processing of images with different algorithms like contouring, thinning and Recognition of different Patterns with the detection of corners, lines and curves are explained in detailed.

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa locally called “Bael” is an economically important plant mainly harvested and traded for medicinal as well as religious purposes. Most of the collection of the plant is from forest. Due to habitat change, deforestation and over harvesting, it is feared that such important plant and its precious genetic diversity may be lost from the nature. Responding to these challenges a major initiative has been launched in the Western Terai Landscape Complex of Nepal to identify morphometric variability in A. marmelos. \nMorphometric characters variation of this species in Western Terai Landscape Complex was statically and numerically evaluated. Sixteen populations were analysed, using 27 morphological characters of leaves and fruit, collected during 2007/2008 naturally. Most of the morphological characters were not significant with the east-west longitudinal gradient except few were, probably because of small gradient. The variation in the A. marmelos is clearly verified by uni- and multivariate statistics. Highest variation was observed in the (DL) Disc Level (CV= 6.08) from different morphometric characters and later that in PL and B. These DL, PL and B were determining characters of morphometric variation. Similarly, principal Component and Cluster analysis through forming dendrogram of morphometric traits indicated different grouping pattern of populations. The populations that are nearer to each other are not cluster together. At different sites of sampling analysis of variance in the morphometric traits revealed remarkable variation among population.

Background\n Urinary tract infections are the second most prevalent infection among elderly population. Hence, the objectives of current study were to evaluate the prevalence of urinary tract infections among geriatrics, medication regimen complexity and factors associated with treatment outcomes of elderly patients infected with urinary tract infections.\nMethods \n A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Urology, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Patients ≥ 65 years of age were included in present study with confirmed diagnosis of urinary tract infections from 2014 to 2018 (5 years). \nResults\n A total of 460 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in present study. Cystitis (37.6%) was the most prevalent urinary tract infection among the study population followed by asymptomatic bacteriuria (31.9%), pyelonephritis (13.9%), urosepsis (10.2%) and prostatitis (6.4%). Unasyn (ampicillin and sulbactam) was used to treat urinary tract infections followed by Bactrim (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) and ciprofloxacin. Factors associated with treatment outcomes of urinary tract infections were gender (OR = 1.628; p = 0.018), polypharmacy (OR = 0.647; p = 0.033) and presence of other comorbidities (OR = 2.004; p = 0.002) among the study population.\nConclusion \n Cystitis is the most common urinary tract infection observed in geriatrics. Gender, burden of polypharmacy and presence of comorbidities are the factors that directly affect the treatment outcomes of urinary tract infections among study population. Physicians and pharmacists should review all the medications prescribed to geriatrics to reduce the risk of adverse effects and drug-drug interactions.

Knowledge of honey production potential of bee plants is used to estimate the carrying capacity of honeybee colony carrying capacity of a given site that helps to harvest optimum honey. The study was conducted to determine the nectar secretion pattern, identify the effect of temperature and humidity on nectar secretion dynamics, honey production potentiality, and a number of bee colonies required to be placed in a hectare of C. citrinus. One day before nectar measuring, 5 inflorescences were covered with fine mesh bags on different parts of the tree. From covered inflorescence, twenty flowers per tree were randomly selected and nectar volume was measured. On the other hand, nectar volume and concentration, temperature, and air humidity were measured with an interval of one hour. The average nectar volume (µl) per flower in 24 hours, sugar amount per tree (kg), honey per tree (kg) and honey (kg) production potential per hectare for C. citrinus were 10.9 + 0.4, 0.65, 0.79, and 1264 kg (46-3808 kg), respectively. The actual harvestable amount of honey is half of the potential (632 kg/ha). If a kilogram of C. citrinus honey would be valued 7 $, the total financial to be expected is 4424 $ per hectare. The mean nectar volume and concentration have significant differences (p<0.05) in different hours of the days. Nectar volume was positively correlated with humidity while concentration positively correlated with temperature. One hectare of productive trees of C. citrinus holds 40 or 15 or 14 honeybee colonies for traditional or transitional or frame hives respectively. Therefore, multiplication and plantation of this plant is recommended for sustainable honey production.

Many researchers have conducted field experiments with different crop rotations on several soil types and have received determined results, but still lack concrete numerical estimates of the influence of different crops in them. This article presents several new developments of the problem in crop rotation. Therefore, it is necessary to apply advanced mathematical-statistical methods and models for obtaining more precise estimates. The application of asymmetry analysis and Procrustes analysis in the evaluation of different crop rotations are given in details. Some results about favorable and unfavorable rotation pairs are given.

Corrosion of steel reinforcement is the main damage issue for the efficiency and performance of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers located in aggressive environments. In this study, the possibility of strengthening corroded RC bridge piers with high corrosion leveled by ultra-high performance fiber RC (UHPFRC) jacketing was investigated numerically. The model of nonlinear 3-D finite-element ( FE ) was constructed by using ANSYS software. The parameters of axial force ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, aspect ratio, and transverse reinforcement ratio were studied to determine their effect on the lateral load resistance of strengthening corroded RC bridge piers. The verification carried out between the constructed FE and the experimental results of ten RC bridge piers in four experimental studies. The performance of RC bridge piers under cyclic lateral displacement and axial force was studied with different ratios. Finally, a practical model to calculate the lateral load resistance of corroded RC bridge piers was proposed.

ICT-based learning is the mode of learning that use Information and Communication Technology to enhance, foster, optimize and support gaining knowledge. The covid-19 has caused the full transformation to ICT-based learning. The purpose of this study is to investigate the advantages, opportunities and challenges confronting developing countries in the adoption of digital technology in education during the pandemic. Systematic analysis of the qualitative results indicated that possibility of Online learning, saving time and money, communication and motivation tool, usage of social media, sharing and processing the knowledge and improving the quality of education were the highest ranked advantages of the ICT-based learning and remote learning, extra time, adoption of new skills and more technologies and MOOCs in addition to family gathering were the most opportunities while internet accessibility, electricity problems, maintenance of infrastructure, high cost of ICT device and lack of expertise, ability to manage classrooms and plagiarism were the high ranked challenges for both students and lecturers to continue online learning. Developing countries need to develop new strategies and techniques to promote ICT-based learning based on innovation, socio-cultural and socio-economic aspects not only financial support.

We have investigated the interaction of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, a non-nodulating endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from the intercellular spaces of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.). Seedlings grown aseptically in sucrose-containing culture media. The inoculation with very low numbers of G. diazotrophicus results in extensive intracellular colonization of root meristems and progressive systemic intracellular root colonization. Light microscopic examination of thin sections of resin-embedded root tips and cotyledon of sugarbeet seedlings inoculated with b-glucuronidase GUS-labeled showed blue-stained G. diazotrophicus within the cytoplasm of root cells, indicating that intracellular conditions were suitable for nitrogenase gene expression. This main script discuss whether these novel inoculations with G. diazotrophicus are likely to enable non-nodular endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation and whether these inoculations can also provide a plant system to investigate the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic organelles.

We have investigated the interaction of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, a non-nodulating endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from the intercellular spaces of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.). Seedlings grown aseptically in sucrose-containing culture media. The inoculation with very low numbers of G. diazotrophicus results in extensive intracellular colonization of root meristems and progressive systemic intracellular root colonization. Light microscopic examination of thin sections of resin-embedded root tips and cotyledon of sugarbeet seedlings inoculated with b-glucuronidase (GUS)-labeled showed blue-stained G. diazotrophicus within the cytoplasm of root cells, indicating that intracellular conditions were suitable for nitrogenase gene expression. This main script discuss whether these novel inoculations with G. diazotrophicus are likely to enable non-nodular endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation and whether these inoculations can also provide a plant system to investigate the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic organelles.

The metallic air pollution in the Bejaia region (northern Algeria) were examined, using the lichen Xanthoria parietina as a bio-monitoring organism. The biological material from 42 stations were sampled and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AASF). In order to determine the relationship between the potential sources of contaminants in the study area and the degree of deposition of metals in air, five heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Ag) were analyzed. The results show that the metal contents recorded in the various sampled stations are fluctuating and lead to the following decreasing series: Pb> Mn> Cu> Ag> Cd. The air quality in the town of Amizour is considerably poor compared to the rest of the studied stations. The Pb and Mn levels are very high in all stations with an average of (134.62 ± 148.53 mg/kg and 290.88 ± 175.13 mg/kg) respectively. The highest concentrations of heavy metals were observed around the municipalities of Bejaia, Akbou and Tichy. The current situation suggests an obvious need to mitigate atmospheric pollution by MTE and to control the emissions of toxic metals, in particular Pb from industrial sources and road traffic in large cities.

A selective, accurate and precise stability indicating HPLC method for analysis of levamisole hydrochloride in bulk and in their injection and oral solution formulations has been developed and validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a C8 column (250 x 4.6 mm with particle size of 5 micrometer) using a mixture of phosphate buffer pH 8.0 and acetonitrile (70: 30 v/v) as the mobile phase pumped at flow rate of 1.5 ml/min with UV detection at 215nm. The calibration curve was linear over (10- 50μg/ml) concentration range with correlation coefficient of 1.0000. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.29μg/ml and 0.89μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy and the precision of the developed method were significantly good (RSD˂ 2%). The validity of the proposed method was further confirmed through the statistical comparison of the obtained data with those of the official method.

The main objective of this paper is to examine the factors determining the SME’s development in Pakistan during the period of 1960–2019. Unlike the majority of the previous studies, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)-bounds testing approach is used to observe this linkage. The share of SME’s output in GDP is used as a proxy of SME’s development. Bank’s credit to the SME sector and government expenditure is used as factors that are affecting SME’s evolution in the country, further tax rate, and FDI are applied in the study model. The results of the bounds test show that there is a stable long-run relationship between study variables. The foregoing results show that the bank’s credit to SMEs and taxes are the only factors that drive SME\'s development downwards. Overall, the study finds that SME’s development factors spur SME\'s growth in Pakistan.

Identifier les stratégies d’insertion professionnelle gagnantes pour les jeunes diplômés permet à la présente étude d’ajouter à l\'amélioration de la qualité de l’aide à eux offerte dans certains pays. A ce dessein, cinq ingénieurs employés du secteur formel ont été invités à raconter leurs histoires de vie académique et professionnelle. L’analyse interprétative de leurs discours révèle que les stratégies avérées efficaces incluent l’intervention des membres des réseaux de relations personnelles. Comme toute étude qualitative, les limites de notre étude impliquent d’éprouver les hypothèses induites par ses résultats. Les recommandations formulées sont exploitables dans l’élaboration ou l’adaptation des guides d’insertion socioprofessionnelle.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium. TB had a non-random spatial distribution. The aim of this study was to measure the associations between the spatial variation of TB risk and socio-economic factors by a multilevel approach.\nMethods: This survey was done in Lorestan province between 2002 and 2008. Multilevel approach was developed to model relationships between TB new cases and related factors in three levels.\nResults: Of 1481 registered patients, 58.4% were male and 41.6% were female among which 68.74% and 29.98% lived in urban and rural areas and 1.28% was nomads. Education and urbanization conditions were significant factors in this study.\nConclusion: The spatial contribution of socio-economic factors to spatial pattern of TB highlighted the using of spatial approaches for assessing the epidemiological situation for this. These findings may also be useful for guiding decisions related to disease control strategies such as screening, education, and preventive policy.

Objectives: This study was aimed to develop simple, accurate and stability-indicating spectrophotometric methods for the analysis of Torsemide (TOR) in bulk and dosage forms.\nMethods: The zero-order spectrum (0D) of TOR aqueous solution was measured at 285 nm against its blank. This spectrum was differentiated instrumentally to generate the first (1D) and second (2D) derivative spectra which were measured at 311 nm and 282 nm, respectively. The developed methods were validated as per ICH guidelines. Results: Regression data of the developed spectrophotometric methods obeyed Beer’s law over the concentration range 10-50 µg/ml with a good correlation coefficient (not less than 0.998). The developed methods demonstrated good inter-day and intra-day precision at the three modes. The obtained recovery percentages (97.60 - 101.45 ± 2.7 %, n=3) reflected freedom from interference by the excipients. Good assay results ranged from 99.0 ± 1.7% to 100.0 ± 2.5%; n=3 were obtained by the developed methods. The 2D mode proved its ability to be used as stability indication method of TOR analysis. Conclusion: The statistical validation at 95% confidence level proved the sensitivity, accuracy, precision of the developed methods.

In this study, the reflection of the sun rays directly on the spherical lens and its focusing in \nthis lens is examined. Energy collection efficiency of such a spherical surface has been \nanalyzed. Compared with traditional sun fixed panel and sun tracker panel. An experimental \ndevice is made to test the solar intake from all directions, including scattering and reflections \nfrom spherical lenses. In order to obtain maximum energy from spherical lens, a \nmicrocontroller based spherical lens system has been developed that takes into account both \nsolar azimuth and altitude angles. Thus, the sun was monitored on the spherical lens based on \nreal time data. The control unit used in this study was the PIC AT89C51 microprocessor and \nLM 2596 integrated circuit with real time clock. A program that instantly calculates the sun\'s \nmovements (azimuth and elevation angles) using the solar geometry throughout the day and \nyear was loaded on the PIC. The angle values calculated by this program were converted into \npulse width modulation signals and the spherical lens system was controlled using these \nsignals. As a result of the experiments, it was observed that more energy was obtained by \nusing a microcontroller-based spherical lens system. In addition, a low cost and easily \nprogrammed control system has been obtained that monitors the sun in real time, ensures \nstable operation of the system and consumes very little energy.

Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of death worldwide. However, CRC is considered as one of the most preventable cancers by which the mortality rates reduce about 60% through implementing the screening programs. The present study aimed to evaluate the main barriers of CRC screening in a defined population.\nMethod: First, the participants were randomly selected from the AZAR Cohort context for piloting. Then, different health care centers were contacted to invite all eligible people from all regions of the state. In the next procedure, all individuals were assessed by a provided online risk assessment tool, and eligible people were included in the study. In addition, colonoscopy and three stool-based tests including FOBT, FIT, and Stool DNA tests were performed. Finally, all were followed online or called by the well-trained research team.\nResults: Overall, 725 cases including 425 (58.6%) males and 300 (41.4%) females participated in the study. Lack of knowledge and attitude about screening programs was the most common barrier, especially among women (68% for women vs. 58% for men) and those from rural areas (88% in rural vs. 55% in urban areas). Fear of colonoscopy and procedure complications and pain (48%), discomfort, and anxiety from inserting a tube into the bowel (65% among females and 43% among males) reported commonly. Embarrassment and dignity were other complaints, especially in women (62% in females and 35% in males). As most costs were covered by the research budget, it was not considered as the main problem in the present study.\nConclusion: Increasing knowledge and attitude about the aims and benefits of screening programs, acceptable and convenient communication of health systems with the general population are considered as the key elements in the success and implementation of any screening program

The recursive difference equation often finds applications in the design and implementation of linear time-invariant discrete systems involving industrial electronic engineering、computational engineering、economics… and so on. The main solving tool for the recurrence difference equation is the z-transformation in the signal system theory. The state variable solution X(z) of the economic cybernetics difference equation x(k+1)=Ax(k)+Bu(k) is a rational function with the same power of the numerator and the denominator, and then some existing traditional approaches are applied to find the solution with inevitable tedious operations including the multiplication of all factors、the long division of two complex polynomials、the differentiation of two complicated polynomials and the derivations of the complicated partial fraction variables. To solve these shortcomings of the existing traditional approaches, we have successfully proposed more simple theorems to solve the discrete-time solution with shorter time than the traditional methods. In order to demonstrate the practical value of this study, we utilize the proposed results for solving the famous recurrence equations in the circuit theory、the discrete mathematics and the economic cybernetics in population prediction.

The recent outbreak of the highly contagious corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus SARS CoV-2 has created a global health crisis with socio economic impacts. There is no clinically approved vaccine or drug for its prevention or treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the discovery of efficacious drugs. In this study, a number of quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids with antiviral and\\or antimalarial activity were virtually screened against three potential targets for development of drugs against COVID- 19. Among seventy- one tested compounds, twenty- three were selected for molecular docking based on their pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles. The results identified a number of potential inhibitors. Three of them, namely Norquinadoline A, Deoxytryptoquivaline and Deoxynortryptoquivaline, showed strong binding to the three targets; SARS-CoV-2 main protease, spike glycoprotein and human Angiotensin enzyme 2. These alkaloids thereforehave promise being taken forward and tested in vitro and in vivo to prove their effectiveness and mechanism of action(s) thereafter.

In applied sciences, singular boundary value problems are used to describe various models with applications in engineering and other areas. Nanofluids is a rich field of such singular problems, where several phenomena are expressed as singular ordinary differential equations of second-order. Generally, obtaining analytic solutions of such kind of problems is a challenge due to the singularity involved in the governing equations. In this paper, a generalized singular boundary value problem is analyzed. The solution of such class is investigated through several theorems and lemmas. In addition, the theoretical results are invested to construct several solutions for various problems in the literature. Moreover, the published results are recovered as special cases of our analysis. The current work is of great benefit, not only for researchers in both pure and applied differential equations, but also for researchers in fluid mechanics.

There is no denying the fact that the current poor pesticides safety performance in Nigeria is as a result of the defective issues surrounding it. One of the most common causes of death from pesticides is carelessness in the application. Spray applicators frequently ignore recommended procedures and cover themselves with the pesticides they are using. Most of the exposure is dermal. Pray droplets are too large to be easily inhaled. Protective clothing is uncomfortable to wear, especially in warm weather, when most applications take place. As Pesticides become an important and growing component of the 21st century that has been widely adopted globally to control pests, diseases, weeds and other plant pathogens, in an effort to reduce or eliminate yield losses and maintain high product quality.

It is very important to deliver good quality software in specified time limit. The requirements of the user should be met. However there are many reasons for the late delivery of the software projects. A few of them are: improper time schedules, technical issues, changing customer requirements, miscommunication amongst team members, failure to analyse the risks involved, and underrating of resources like man cost, power, effort, etc. Since with changing times the size, complexity of the software have also changed, it is very essential to analyse the software requirement and check for its feasibility. In order to efficiently produce a good software product we propose a PSO-ACO Hybrid algorithm to calculate and analyse the scheduling process. The main goal of our work is to do the scheduling and rescheduling model in which optimal strategies could be computed with reasonable complexity. In this idea, the following work related to our model and approach is reported. One, is proposing a software project scheduling/rescheduling framework which supports staffing, and the other, is applying a hybrid approach based on a Particle Swarm Optimization and Ant Colony Optimization considering both efficiency and stability.

Carrot is one of the most important root vegetables grown extensively in about 125 countries of the world. China is the largest producer of carrot followed by Russia, USA, Uzbekistan, Poland, Ukraine, UK, Turkey, Japan and France. Carrot root is rich in carotenoids and phenolic acids with an appreciable amount of several other bioactive compounds having significant health-promoting properties. The consumption of fresh carrot and its products is increasing steadily due to its recognition as an important source of natural antioxidants. Carotenoids help in preventing heart diseases, improve vision, help in reducing blood sugar and reduce colon cancer. However, due to seasonal and perishable nature of carrot, it is not possible to make it readily available throughout the year. Improved post-harvest handling practices and value-addition by processing during the main growing season is an important alternative. In view of the nutritional and therapeutic importance and its abundant availability particularly during the winter season, the post-harvest researchers must suggest viable alternatives for its profitable use. Efforts have been made to review the information available on this very important root vegetable for the benefit of the researchers and the consumers.

Resilience is a concept that, along with sustainable development, has been at the forefront of international, national and urban programs around the world. It is necessary to study the issue of resilience in Iran, with its biodiversity, cultural, ethnic, climatic, diverse resources and characteristics, and rich history and its various challenges from different perspectives. Addressing this issue in today\'s development discourse in Iran has a special need, especially vulnerable contexts, including informal settlements, which is a growing phenomenon throughout the world. Informal settlements are an important part of world life, with the United Nations predicting that by 2050, half of the world\'s population will live in these areas. Issues such as civil war, drought, destruction of farms and forests and natural resources, climate change and natural and man-made disasters have exacerbated the poverty of migrations resulting from them, resulting in the formation of informal settlements for access to affordable housing and faster employment. Has found. Urban managers and professionals face complex issues that capacity building to address is a matter of resilience expertise; that is, the factors of formation and development of their informal settlements are among the challenges of resilience, and therefore both fields have many commonalities.