In this paper different types of entropies have been discussed with their mathematical expressions and conditions. Shannon entropy, α-order entropy, α – β order entropy, residual entropies, past entropies, weighted entropies and quantile based entropies have been studied in this paper. Some new entropies have been derived by introducing hazard rate as an information function in Shannon (1948), Renyi (1961), Havrda & Charvart (1967) and Tsallis (1988). These new entropies gives higher results as compare to the Renyi, Havrda & Charvat and Tsallis entropies when α <1.

Concomitant chemo-radiotherapy is the current standard of care for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LANPC). However, the rate of local relapse and distant metastases remains unacceptably high and more personalized approaches should be employed. The aim of our study was to evaluate the different prognostic factors that might be associated with the occurrence of relapse in LANPC undergoing CCRT and help clinicians to select patients with aggressive disease that might benefit from further systemic therapies.The records of 60 patients with histological proven LANPC treated with CCRT in the SALAH AZAIZ Institute of oncology from 2004 to 2014 were reviewed. Patients were staged according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM 2009 (7th edition). The treatment regimen consisted of weekly cisplatin (40 mg/m²) and conventional 2D radiotherapy. Toxic effects from CCRT were assessed according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) criteria. Demographics, stages at presentation and treatment responses were determined and correlated with overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS). Median age was 51 years. Most patients (86%) had T3-T4 stage and 16.7% presented with N2 or N3 stage. 48.3% had stage-IV disease. Median duration of radiotherapy was 62 days. The vast majority of patients (72.4%) received a cumulative dose of cisplatin between 160 and 240 mg/m2. After a median follow-up of 48 months (13-155 months), 4 patients (6.9%) experienced local recurrence, 1 patient (1.7%) loco-regional recurrence (LRR) and 11 patients (19%) distant failure (DF) with bone being the most common site (33%). The 5-year OS rate was 76.5 %. Nodal stage (0.034) and cumulative dose of cisplatin (p=0.086) were independent factors for OS. T stage predicted worse DFS in univariate study (p=0.045) but comparisons did not reveal statistically significant differences in multivarate analysis (p=0.37). Multivariate analysis showed that the risk of relapse was increased only in patients receiving less than 4 cycles of chemotherapy with cumulative dose lower than 160 mg/m2 (p=0.043). A better knowledge of predictive factors for relapse helps us select high-risk patients who can benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in order to optimize survival and reduce disease recurrence.

The use of chemical herbicides for the control of phytopathogenic fungi is environmentally undesirable, hence the search for a more eco-friendly approach. The resistant nature of weeds have opened up inquiries into possibility of its use for the inhibition of these phytopathogenic fungi. This research is intended to determine the inhibitory potential of Heteropogon contortus (L.) buauv, on some phytopathogenic fungi. Soil samples from fifty (50) farmlands scattered around Ethiope east Local Government Area of Delta State, were aseptically collected and assessed for the presence of phytopathogenic fungi. By serial dilution, spread plate technique, cultural characteristics as well as microscopic examination, Fusarium sp. Alternaria sp. and Aspergillus sp. were isolated in percentage occurrences of 34%, 42%, and 64% respectively. Fresh leaves of Heteropogon contortus (L.) buauv were collected, rinsed in running water and air dried and then grounded to fine powder, which was extracted using methanol and water. Phytochemicals recovered included; Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Tannins, Phenols, Terpenoids, and Saponins. It was observed that aqueous extract recovered more phytochemicals based on quantification. Using the poisoned plate technique, the percentage inhibition of fungal mycelia growth was determined using the aqueous extract, after three and five days. Alternariasp. had a 100% inhibition, at days three and five, using a concentration of 7µL/mL and 5µL/ respectively. Aspergillus sp. exhibited a 100% mycelia inhibition at days three and five, using concentrations of 5µL/mL and 3µL/mL respectively. Fusarium sp. on the other hand, had a 100% mycelia inhibition at days three and five, using concentrations of 8µL/mL and 6µL/mL respectively. This study reveals inhibition of the phytopathogenic fungi and this inhibition increases with increasing concentrations and period of exposure. Spear grass may prove useful after all as an inhibitor of phytopathogenic fungi, a classical case of “waste to wealth” innovation.

Abstract\nIntroduction: A high level of reproducibility for the measurement of coronary calcification is crucial; and the effect of the reconstruction techniques on diagnostic accuracy of coronary artery calcification (CAC) are contradictory. This study aims to assess the impact of iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms for the evaluation of CAC in terms of image quality and subjective diagnostic performance. \nMaterials and Methods: This study was performed in a single center and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Thirty-one consecutive patients (26 men/5 women) underwent CT calcium score to rule out CAC. Image data were reconstructed with both FBP and different levels of IR algorithms. Both the qualitative and quantitative image quality and subjective diagnostic performance were compared; Agatston scores and calcium density were measured for a total of 100 coronary arteries. \nResults: Quantitatively; image noise was substantially reduced with high levels of IR reflecting high significances of noise level (p<0.001). In terms of subjective diagnostic performance, it was observed with increased IR levels; 49% of coronary arteries showed decrease, 14% showed increase, 32% were constant and 5% of coronary arteries showed fluctuation in total Agatston scores. Certain Agatston scores were not detected in coronary arteries in some levels of IR algorithms. \nDiscussion: IR resulted in substantial noise reduction and improved in both SNR and CNR. Higher levels of IR might lead to disappearance or underestimation of detectable calcium in coronary arteries with low calcium burden.\nConclusion: Iterative reconstruction technique should be used with caution for better calcium quantification. \nKeywords: Arteries; Calcium; Tomography

The occupational health and safety law in Turkey was enacted in 2012. Work areas are classified as very dangerous, dangerous and less dangerous in the context of labor law. Sports centers which are in the less dangerous class have the obligation to act in accordance with the law till July, 2020. The aim of this study is to determine how the application of the law for a public university sports center is. The situation of the center is investigated from the consumer’s point of view and with risk analysis method. It is aimed to emphasize the negative effects of the facilities not having necessary precautions and to draw attention to the importance of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS). Also, recommendations for risk mitigation measures are defined.

Introduction: While ischemic tolerance decreases in the heart with progressive aging, recent data indicate that, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) provides protection against myocardial ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. Growing evidence indicates that exercise training is the most important non-pharmacological strategy to cardio-protective effects of preconditioning. This study intended to determine the cardioprotective effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) preconditioning on IR injury in young and senescent rat myocardium. \nMaterial and Methods: Two- and twenty month old Wistar rats had been assigned to young sedentary (Y Sed, n=10), young exercise (Y Ex, n=10), old sedentary (O Sed, n=10), or old exercise (O Ex, n=10) groups. Rats in the exercise groups performed 8 weeks (5 days per week, 40 min per day) of HIIT on motorized treadmill. To induce ischemia reperfusion injury, rats were exposed to 45 min of ischemia followed by 90 min of reperfusion via left anterior descending artery ligation. Infarction size and stress oxidative indices were measured in hearts from both young and old animals.\n\n Results: With ageing, GPx activities and MPO formation reduce and promote respectively after ischemia reperfusion. Statistical analyses showed that HIIT ameliorate antioxidant system defense in both young and old heart rats, but HIIT reduced infarction size only in young rats. Reactive oxygen spices production after ischemia reperfusion was not affected by interval training in young and old rats. \nConclusion: These data indicate that ischemic-reperfusion tolerance reduced in senescent rat myocardium. On the other hands, high intensity interval training ameliorated severe infarction size caused by the IR, by increasing antioxidant enzymes activity in young and senescent rats.